Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Suppress Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Lesions by Rebalancing CD4+/CD8+ Cell Population

Despite considerable advances in the treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is still an unmet need to develop novel therapeutic approaches with improved efficacy and lower side effects. Here we explore human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) as a promising treatment for SLE induced by concanavalin A-activated spleno-lymphocyte in BALB/c mice. The isolated hUCMSCs, carrying specific MSC cell surface markers (CD105, CD73 and CD90), exhibited the potential to differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. In mice with SLE, transplantation of hUCMSCs improved disease symptoms by decreasing the levels of serum autoantibody (anti-dsDNA and anti-nuclear) and cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ). The cell therapy significantly alleviated renal lesions by lowering serum urea nitrogen, creatine and uric acid, and increasing albumin. Using immunohistochemical staining, we found that that hUCMSCs decreased endocapillary hypercellularity, glomerular degeneration, and complement C3 immune complex deposition in the kidney. Mechanically, the therapy with hUCMSCs decreased CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio in animals. These data suggest that hUCMSCs may modulate autoimmunity in SLE mice by rebalancing CD4+/CD8+ cell population. Transplantation of hUCMSCs may be explored as a promising alternative approach in the treatment of human lupus.

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic autoimmune disease with activation and proliferation of auto reactive T cells and B cells, is characterized by the production of autoantibody profile, such as anti-double stranded DNA (ds-DNA), anti-single stranded DNA (ss-DNA), and anti-nuclear antibody (anti-ANA), and the release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) [1-3]. In both human SLE and murine lupus models, such as MRL/lpr and NZB/W (F1), the kidney is the major site of injury and immune complex formation and/or deposition [4]. The conventional treatment of SLE mainly relies on high doses of cyclophosphamide (CYC), glucocorticoids, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and other immunosuppressive and biological agents. Although these recipes have markedly improved the outcome in SLE [5-7], disease control remains unsatisfactory and severe side effects were induced in a subset of patients [8-12]. Thus, there is still an unmet need to develop more effective, but less toxic treatments.

In the last decade, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been reported as a promising therapy to achieve treatment-free, long-term remission in lupus [13], but the rates of relapse and treatment related toxicity are high, as are the rates of the development of a secondary autoimmune disorder [14]. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely studied as an alternative cell source for their ability to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes and tenocytes [15-17]. An important function of MSCs for autoimmune diseases is their broad immunomodulatory effect on various activated lymphoid cells, such as T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells [18-20]. Therapeutic MSCs can be isolated from various tissues, including placenta, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, muscle, tooth, adipose tissue and umbilical cord blood.

Recently, studies have focused on the use of human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUCMSCs). As an alternative to MSCs, hUCMSCs possess clear advantages, including easy production from a readily available source, low immunogenic potency, and high proliferative activity [21,22]. Several studies have reported the therapeutic effect of hUCMSCs in bone regeneration, liver cirrhosis and acute liver failure models [23-25]. In addition, hUCMSCs have been shown to have immunosuppressive properties in reducing inflammation in some autoimmune disease [26-28]. Therapeutic and preventive effects of hUCMSCs in the context of SLE, however, have not yet been well explored. In this study, we isolated MSCs from human umbilical cord and determined their potential therapeutic effect in a SLE mouse model induced by concanavalin A (ConA)-activated spleno-lymphocyte.

Materials and Methods

Induction of experimental SLE in BALB/c mice

In this study, we induced SLE in BALB/c mice following the method as previously described [29]. BALB/c mice were chosen to establish the SLE model due to their high response to the immunogen [4,30]. Female BALB/c mice, aged 5-6 weeks, were purchased from the Guangdong Laboratory Animal Center (Guangdong, China). Animals were maintained in specific pathogen-free conditions and environment under controlled conditions of light and humidity. Animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory following the protocol approved by Institutional Animal Ethic Committee of Shenzhen Beike Cell Engineering Research Institute.

To generate the SLE model, spleno-lymphocytes were isolated from BALB/c mice and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Invitrogene, CA) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogene, CA), 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 100 µg/ml penicillin. Aliquots of spleno-lymphocytes were stimulated by ConA (5.0 µg/ml), while others were kept in a mitogen-free medium for 72 h as non-activated control spleen cells. Spleno-lymphocyte proliferation was determined using a WST-1 cell viability assay according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Roche).

A total of 55 mice were subcutaneously immunized with 1 × 107 ConA-activated spleno-lymphocyte cells, three times at one‑week intervals to establish the SLE model. As the control, 15 mice were subcutaneously injected with 0.9% saline. To confirm whether SLE model was established successfully in mice, 5 SLE mice and 5 control mice were sacrificed and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to detect serum anti-dsDNA antibody.

Isolation and characterization of hUCMSCs

Umbilical cords were collected after normal deliveries as quickly as possible in hospital after obtaining written parenteral consent. Isolation of hUCMSCs was performed as described previously [25,31]. Briefly, Wharton’s jelly was isolated and cut into 1-mm2 pieces, treated with collagenase type 1 (Sigma, MO), and then were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics at 37℃ in a humidified atmosphere consisting of 5% CO2. Non-adherent cells were removed by washing and the cells that migrated out from the explants after 5-7 days were trypsinized and expanded for the study. The protocol was approved by the Human Medical Ethical Review Committee from Shenzhen Beike Cell Engineering Research Institute.

The hUCMSCs at passages 2-5 were used for transplantaton following rigorous quality control for cell viability, pathogenic microorganisms, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antibody, and hepatitis C virus antibody, human immunodeficiency virus antibodies I and II, cytomegalovirus IgM, and syphilis antibody. The immunophenotype of the culture-expanded hUCMSCs at passage 2 was analyzed by flow cytometry for specific cell surface markers (CD90, CD73 and CD105), hematopoietic cell markers (CD45, CD34, CD14 and CD19) and extracellular matrix receptors (CD29 and CD44) and major histocompatibility elements (HLA-DR) (all purchased from BD Biosciences, CA). Flow cytometry was performed with the use of FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences, CA).

Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation

To validate the multipotency of the isolated hUCMSCs, differentiation to adipogenic and osteogenic lineages were performed as described previously [25,32]. After 3 weeks of induction, cells were stained with the oil red O or alizarin red to detect the presence of neutral lipid vacuoles in differentiated adipocytes or calcium deposition in osteocytes, respectively.

hUCMSCs transplantation

For treatment, 50 SLE mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: M1 (n = 10), M2 (n = 10), M3 (n = 10), M4 (n = 10), and positive control (PC) group (n = 10). They were transplanted with 3×105, 1×105, 3×104, 1×104 and 0 hUCMSCs per 10 g body weight, respectively. Another 10 mice treated with saline were used as a negative control (NC) and were not transplanted with hUCMSCs.

Serum parameter analyses

Blood samples of animals in all groups were collected through orbital bleeds. ELISA was carried out using commercial available kits (ADI, USA) to detect anti dsDNA antibodies, anti-ANA, and inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IFN-γ. The serum levels of urea nitrogen (UREA), creatine (CREA), uric acid (UA) and albumin (ALB) were analyzed with an automated biochemical analyzer (Mindray, Shenzhen, China).

Lymphocyte subtypes assay

Spleno-lymphocytes (1 × 106 cells) isolated from animals in all groups were stained with FITC-anti-CD3 antibody, APC-anti-CD4 antibody and PE-anti-CD8 antibody and then analyzed on a FACS Calibur flow cytometer.

Assessment of renal pathology

Kidneys from treatment animals were dissected, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, dehydrated in ascending grades of ethyl alcohol, cleared in xylene and mounted in molten paraplst. Histological sections (5 µm) were cut and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), and Masson trichrome [33].

For immunohistochemical analyses, rabbit anti-mouse complement C3 antibody (ab11887, Abcam) and an Ultra SensitiveTM SP (Mouse/Rabbit) IHC Kit (KIT-9720, MaiXin. BIO, Fuzhou, China) were used to examine the presence of complement C3 according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as the means ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 17.0 software. The Student’s t-test was used to compare serum parameters. P < 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result.

Results

Establishment of experimental SLE in BALB/c mice

To induce SLE in BALB/c mice, spleno-lymphocytes from BALB/c mice were isolated, cultured and stimulated with ConA for 72 h and cell proliferation was detected by WST-1 assay. As shown in Figure 1A, cell proliferation was significantly increased by induction with 5 µg/ml ConA, indicating that spleno-lymphocytes were highly activated.

Figure 1: Establishment of experimental SLE in BALB/c mice.
A. Proliferation of spleno-lymphocytes. Spleno-lymphocytes were isolated from BALB/c mice, cultured and stimulated with ConA (5.0 µg/ml) for 72 h and cell viability was determined using the WST-1 assay. The data are expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 compared with the control.
B. SLE mouse model. Fifty-five BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized with 1 × 107 ConA-activated spleno-lymphocyte cells three times at one‑week intervals to establish the SLE model. Another 15 mice were subcutaneously with 0.9% saline as a control. Five SLE model mice and 5 NC mice were sacrificed and detected by ELISA for the level of serum anti-dsDNA antibody.

We used these activated spleno-lymphocytes to immunize BALB/c mice three times at one‑week intervals and performed ELISA assay to confirm the SLE model by detecting serum anti-ds DNA antibody, a typical character of SLE. As shown in Figure 1B, BALB/c mice immunized with activated spleno-lymphocytes had significantly high level of anti-ds DNA autoantibody in the serum compared to the control, indicating the successful generation of the SLE model in BALB/c mice.

Multipotency of hUCMSCs

The immunophenotype of the culture-expanded hUMSCs at passage 4 was analyzed by flow cytometry for specific cell surface markers. As shown in Figure 2B, hUMSCs were positive for known MSC markers (CD105, CD73 and CD90) and were negative for hematopoietic markers (CD45, CD34, CD14, CD19 and HLA-DR). Two cell surface markers that have affinity for extracellular matrix elements, CD29 and CD44, were also expressed by isolated hUCMSCs.

Figure 2: Characterization of hUCMSCs.
A. Adipogenic differentiation (× 400) and Osteogenic differentiation ( × 100) of hUCMSCs.
B. Immunophenotype of hUCMSCs is determined by flow cytometry at passage 4 with the use of labeled antibodies specific for the indicated human surface antigens.

To verify the lineage potential, hUMSCs were placed in six-well plates for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation after 21 days of culture. Intracytoplasmic lipid droplets stained with oil red O and calcium deposits stained with alizarin red were observed (Figure 2A), demonstrating the potential of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of the isolated hUCMSCs. We thus used these multipotent hUCMSCs for transplantation studies.

Alleviation of SLE symptoms by hUCMSCs therapy

The therapeutic effect of hUCMSCs on SLE was examined by ELISA detection of anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-ANA antobody, TNF-α and IFN-γ. As shown in Figure 3, the levels of anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-ANA antibody, TNF-α and IFN-γ in SLE mouse model were highly induced in positive controls (the PC group) as compared with the negative control (the NC group). However, in treatment groups (M1, M2 and M3), hUCMSCs effectively decreased the levels of serum anti-dsDNA antibody, TNF-α and IFN-γ in SLE mice (p < 0.05). The level of serum ANA in M1 group was also slightly reduced. These results indicate that hUCMSC transplantation has a therapeutic effect on SLE in BALB/c mice.

Figure 3: Characterization of hUCMSCs.
A. Adipogenic differentiation (× 400) and Osteogenic differentiation ( × 100) of hUCMSCs.
B. Immunophenotype of hUCMSCs is determined by flow cytometry at passage 4 with the use of labeled antibodies specific for the indicated human surface antigens.

hUCMSCs reduce kidney injury in SLE mice

Kidney is a major site of damage and immune complex formation and/or deposition in SLE [4]. To further determine the effect of hUCMSCs on SLE, renal function and autoimmune injury were compared by serum biochemical assays to detect the levels of albumin (ALB), uric acid (UA), urea nitrogen (UREA) and creatine (CREA). As compared with the normal group (NC), the SLE mice (PC) exhibited the reduction in renal ALB and the increment in renal UA, UREA and CREA. We found that hUCMSC transplantation decreased the levels of serum UA, UREA and CREA, but increased the level of ALB to the level as seen in normal mice (NC) (Figures 4A-4D). Assessment of renal pathology and immunohistochemical staining showed that hUCMSCs decreased endocapillary hypercellularity, glomerular degeneration and complement C3 immune complex deposition in kidneys of SLE model mice (Figure 4E). These results suggest that treatment of hUCMSCs alleviates kidney injury in the SLE BALB/c mouse model.

Figure 4: hUCMSC transplantation alleviates kidney injury in SLE BALB/c mice model. (A-D). Serum levels of ALB, UA, UREA and CREA were analyzed with an automated biochemical analyzer. (E). Kidney lesions. The kidney sections were dissected, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin for H&E staining, Masson trichrome staining, and immunohistochemistry staining using rabbit anti-mouse complement C3 antibody and goat anti-rabbit IgG ( x 200). The data are expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 compared with the positive control.

hUCMSCs transplantation rebalances lymphocyte subtypes

T-lymphocytes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of SLE [34]. hUCMSCs have been reported to regulate lymphocytes proliferation through paracrine mechanisms, thus playing a safe and effective treatment of some autoimmune diseases. To verify whether hUCMSCs have effect on lymphocyte subtypes, we analyzed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes after gated on CD3+ T cell.

As shown in Figure 5, the percentage of CD3+ CD4+ T cell was significantly higher in the PC group than that in the NC control. High doses of hUCMSCs transplantation, especially in group M2, decreased CD3+ CD4+ cells (Figure 5A). On the other hand, the CD3+ CD8+ T cell population was lower in the PC group than that in the NC group. Treatment with hUCMSCs in M1, M2 and M3 groups increased the CD3+ CD8+ cell population (Figure 5B). Taken together, hUCMSC transplantation decreased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in SLE BALB/c mice (Figure 5C). These results suggest that hUCMSCs may modulate autoimmunity by shifting the CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte subtypes in SLE mice.

Figure 5: hUCMSC transplantation alleviates kidney injury in SLE BALB/c mice model. (A-D). Serum levels of ALB, UA, UREA and CREA were analyzed with an automated biochemical analyzer. (E). Kidney lesions. The kidney sections were dissected, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin for H&E staining, Masson trichrome staining, and immunohistochemistry staining using rabbit anti-mouse complement C3 antibody and goat anti-rabbit IgG ( x 200). The data are expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 compared with the positive control.

Discussion

SLE is a severe and thorny disease that often represents a therapeutic challenge because of its heterogeneous organ manifestations [1,2,35]. hUCMSCs have shown marked therapeutic effects in a number of animal disease studies, and may serve as a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of patients with severe and refractory autoimmune diseases [5,10,11]. However, the therapeutic effects of hUCMSCs in the context of SLE have not yet been well explored. In the present study, we successfully established experimental SLE in BALB/c mice using ConA-activated spleno-lymphocyte to investigate the therapeutic potential of hUCMSCs.

SLE can occur spontaneously in certain strains of mice, such as NZB/W (F1) and MRL/pr with multiple genetic loci that accelerate the onset of the disease [4,30]. Lupus also can be induced in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of pristane, a chemical component, or special antigen in non-autoimmune prone strains [4,30]. It has been reported that concanavalin A-activated spleno-lymphocytes could induce SLE-like syndrome in BALB/c mice, a strain usually not considered to be genetically susceptible to lupus [29]. All these murine lupus models facilitate studies on the relationship between autoantibody formation and organ damage, and help the screening for effective treatment. In this study, we chose ConA-activated spleno-lymphocytes to induce SLE mouse model in BALB/c mice [29]. This model was efficient and rapid. We isolated spleno-lymphocytes from BALB/c mice and stimulated them with ConA. We found that spleno-lymphocytes were highly activated after treated with ConA. ELISA and kidney pathogenicity assays showed that the syndrome induced by splenophocytes shares many of the characteristics of human lupus, including both clinical features (glomerular hypercellularity, glomerular Ig deposition, proteinuria) and the autoantibody profile (anti ds-DNA, ANA), with complex immune abnormality [35].

To determine the effect of hUCMSCs on SLE mouse model, hUCMSCs were isolated, cultured and evaluated in vitro for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential and immunophenotype. The results showed that hUCMSCs can be differentiated into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages and possess specific MSC cell surface markers (CD105, CD73 and CD90). Thus, we investigated the therapeutical potential in the SLE mouse model. SLE is characterized by the production of autoantibodies to nuclear proteins and nucleic acids, accompanied with clinical manifestation (such as leukopenia and thrombocytopenia) and kidney damage [1,3,4]. Al-Mutairi et al reported that proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-6) were more prevalent in the serum of SLE patients [36]. Our data indicated that high-dose hUCMSC transplantation reduced levels of serum autoantibodies (anti ds-DNA, ANA) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ), and improved renal function in SLE mouse model, suggesting that hUCMSCs has a therapeutical effect on SLE established in BALB/c mice.

In this study, we treated the SLE animals with four doses of hUCMSCs (3×105, 1×105, 3×104, and 1×104 per 10 g body weight). However, the therapeutic effect of hUCMSCs on SLE-induced mice was not in a typical dose-dependent manner. This is especially true for the renal parameters. For example, the level of urea nitrogen was elevated in the SLE mice (the PC group) as compared with the normal control (the NC group) (Figure 4C). We observed a significant improvement in renal urea nitrogen in the M2-M4 groups but not in the high hUCMSC group (the M1 group). We believe that the lack of dose-dependent effect may be related to the big variation between treatment groups. Future studies are needed to conform the therapeutic role of hUCMSCs in a more sensitive animal model.

Naturally arising regulatory T cells (Treg) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of SLE. The best characterized Treg cells, a subset of CD4+ T-helper cells expressing high levels of the interleukin-2 receptor α- chain CD25 and the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) [37], have the ability to suppress CD8+ T cells and NK cells, to inhibit aberrant immune responses, to regulate peripheral T-cell homeostasis, and to maintain self-tolerance by secreting immunoregulation factors such as IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β [38-40]. Unbalanced CD4+ cell population, like decreased CD4+CD25+ or increased CD4+CD25- can lead to the disorder of Th1/Th 2 and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, resulting in hyperfunction of humoral immunity, as in the case of SLE [41-43]. Recently, CD8+T-cell populations have also been shown to possess immunosuppressive function, including CD8+CD28-, CD8+IL-10+ and CD8+CD25+ T cells, which can inhibit the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes [44]. CD8+CD28- T cells have attracted interest for their critical roles in various chronic immune disorders, such as Graves’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes mellitus [45,46]. Tulunay et al. [47], showed that CD8+CD28- population was lower in patients with SLE than in healthy individuals. These results indicate that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in SLE.

The specific mechanism underlying the therapeutic role of hUCMSCs in SLE is still unclear. Accumulating evidence have demonstrated that MSCs have immune modulatory properties, these cells have attracted significant attention for their potential to treat immune related diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), liver diseases, and tissue inflammation [48, 49]. MSCs have been reported to suppress T cell responses, including proliferation, activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Some studies have suggested that MSCs also inhibit the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, regulate the maturation and function of B cells and help determine the polarization of macrophages. Studies have shown that hUCMSCs could recruit, modulate and maintain the function and phenotype of Treg cells over time [50]. Mechanistically, MSCs-derived TGF-β and PGE2 are key regulators involved in Treg cell induction [51,52]. In the present study, we analyzed the CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subtypes and found that hUCMSCs transplantation rebalanced lymphocyte subtypes in SLE mice by decreasing CD3+CD4+ cells and increasing CD3+CD8+ cells. It is clear that increased CD4+CD25- T-helper cells can trigger the disorder of Th1/Th2, resulting in SLE, while CD8+T-cell including CD8+CD28-, CD8+IL-10+ and CD8+CD25+ T cells possess immunosuppressive function [40-43]. Thus, our data suggest that hUCMSCs may achieve the desired therapeutic effect on SLE through a mechanism of rebalancing the autoimmune-related lymphocyte subtypes.

It should be noted that transplantation of MSCs from other sources have been shown to escalate Treg population as a mechanism of exerting immunosuppression [53,54]. For example, in a 25-year-old severe SLE patient with multiple life-threatening complications and refractory to conventional cyclophosphamide (CYC) therapy, Wang et al. [55], reported that transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cell and MSCs re-established self-tolerance in SLE by increasing CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg cells in PBMCs. In this case, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) act to control the self-antigen–reactive T cells in autoimmune diseases. Similarly, MSC-induced tolerance is associated with the expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in other two models [56,57]. Currently, we are not sure if similar mechanisms are also involved in our model. Thus, it would be interesting to assess the percentage of regulatory T cells in the spleen and peripheral blood in SLE mice treated with hUCMSCs.

Several studies have reported the ratio of CD4/CD8 T-cells in healthy Chinese, Malaysian, Indian and Caucasian populations, ranging from 0.6 to 2.8 [58]. In addition, the reference value of lymphocyte immune phenotype varies in race, age and environment [59]. Currently, there are no specific cut points for CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio in SLE. In our mouse study, we found that the ratio of CD4/CD8 T-cells was 3.004 in the PC group, 1.899 in the NC group, and 2.424 to 2.678 in the hUCMSCs-treated group, respectively. There was a clear therapeutic effect by hUCMSCs in the reduction of the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio in mice with SLE. Future studies are required to address the specific role of the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Since SLE is also depicted as abnormal humoral immune disease, thus B cells also play a central role in the immunopathogenesis via antibody-dependent and antibody-independent ways. Excessive autoantibodies production, hyperresponsiveness and prolonged survival of auto reactive B cells are characteristics of SLE [60]. These B cells-related characteristics were not identified, which is a limitation in present research. We speculate that B cells would also involve in mechanisms of hUCMSCs- improved SLE.

In summary, our study has demonstrated that hUCMSCs exert a therapeutic effect in a SLE BALB/c mouse model. The therapeutical role of hUCMSCs may be related to its ability to modulating autoimmunity by rebalancing CD4+/CD8+ cell population in animals. Thus, hUCMSC therapy may have a potential application in the treatment of human lupus.

This study was supported by Shenzhen Research Grant (#JSGG20130917151830203) and (#KC2013JSJS0014A) X.H and T.L.; Shenyang Research Grant (#F13-205-9-00) to T.L.; California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) grant (#RT2-01942), Jilin International Collaboration Grant (#20120720), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant (#81272294, #31430021) to J.F.H.; National natural science foundation of China (#81372835) and Jilin international collaboration grant (20130413010GH) to W.L.; the grant of Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (#311015) to C.J.

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