https://www.neuroscigroup.us/journals/archives-of-depression-and-anxiety A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 18 Dec, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-11-204.php Extremism remains a persistent challenge for contemporary societies, with existing prevention and deradicalisation efforts often failing to fully address the psychological mechanisms underlying radical belief formation. This theoretical review examines extremism through an integrative psychological framework informed by, but not reducible to, neuropsychological research. It proposes that the adoption of an extremist mindset can be understood as the interaction of psychological vulnerabilities, irrational evaluative beliefs, socio-political conditions, and identity-based reinforcement processes. Drawing on Cassam’s concept of “mindset extremism,” Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT), and contemporary cognitive research, the paper explores how heightened threat sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive rigidity may contribute to dichotomous thinking and moral disengagement. Neurobiological findings are discussed cautiously and framed as correlational and theoretically suggestive rather than deterministic. By integrating psychological, social, and contextual levels of analysis, this work offers a non-reductionist model of extremist mindset formation and outlines implications for research and multi-level intervention strategies. 27 Nov, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-11-202.php Background: Hypothyroidism is frequently associated with affective disturbances; however, the burden of anxiety and depressive symptoms among Senegalese patients remains poorly documented. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and identify the associated clinical, biological, and sociodemographic factors among patients with hypothyroidism at the Abass Ndao National Hospital Center in Dakar, Senegal. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from November 2024 to April 2025 involving 40 adult patients (≥ 18 years) with hypothyroidism. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that covered sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical variables. Anxiety and depression were assessed by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Scores of ≥ 8 on each subscale were considered clinically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info 7.0, with a significance threshold of p < 0> 4.5 mUI/L) were significantly associated with anxiety (p = 0.037) and depression (p = 0.008). Depression was also correlated with poor treatment adherence (p = 0.026) and longer disease duration (p = 0.031), whereas anxiety was more frequent among inactive participants (p = 0.037). No significant associations were found with age, sex, marital status, or educational level. Conclusion: Anxiety and depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among patients with hypothyroidism in Dakar, and are closely linked to biochemical imbalance and poor therapeutic adherence. Routine psychological screening and adherence support strategies should be integrated into hypothyroidism management to improve patient outcomes. 08 Nov, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-11-203.php Introduction: In the literature, the high risk of diagnostic error in diagnoses of borderline disorder and bipolar disorder, due to overlapping part of symptoms, is well known. There is a need to validate a psychometric instrument capable of reducing this risk. Materials and methods: A theory, model, scale and questionnaire related to the unified diagnosis of Border-Bipolar psychopathological condition (Perrotta Border-Bipolar Profile Diagnostic Questionnaire, PBBD-Q) was generated to be administered to a selected population; however, since there is no psychometric instrument capable of performing this analysis, the data were compared with the outcomes of the PICI-3-TA columns related to the disorders under investigation, to validate the proposed psychometric instrument. Results: In this study, a population of 232 individuals (96 males and 136 females), aged between 18 and 68 years (M: 39.4; SD: 3.1), was selected. KMO and EFA all show values above 0.500, which is still considered adequate. Statistical comparison between PBBD-Q and PICI-3-TA showed good significance (p = 0.017 and W = 0.878), with a fair correlation matrix (r = 0.866). Statistical analysis showed that the psychometric test has a well-defined and stable construct, with the variables well represented and positively correlated with another construct already validated. Conclusion: PBBD-Q is a valid, efficient, and effective psychometric tool to identify the exact unitary diagnosis of the Border-Bipolar psychopathological condition. 09 Sep, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-11-201.php Animal models of depression are most frequently encountered within the pharmaceutical industry to screen molecules and detect a putative antidepressant activity of a drug. The multiplicity of approaches and models makes comprehensive statements difficult, but animal models are necessary. These are experimental arrangements where a simple system is utilized to represent a complex system. Five of the most utilized behavioral animal models of depression, the mouse Forced Swimming Test (FST), the rat FST, the Tail Suspension Test (TST), the Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) model, the Learned Helplessness (LH) paradigm, and the chronic corticosterone exposure model, are discussed in this review. All these models present various symptoms of depression in animals suggested to resemble specific aspects of human illness. Their use enables the investigation of the underlying neurobiology of depression, as well as the mechanism of action of antidepressants and the screening of potential antidepressants. Apparently, the mouse FST is the most suitable animal of depression in predicting antidepressant response as it is easily and rapidly performed, robust, specific for antidepressant drugs, and reproducible. Moreover, it permits a good correlation with clinical studies in a translational approach. In this goal, another model is presented: The chronic corticosterone exposure, a more complete neuroendocrine model that seems closer to the conditions of depression in humans. Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) is one of the most described alterations in patients with depression, as well as in rodent models of pathology. 19 Aug, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-11-200.php Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a prevalent and severe condition that affects emotional regulation, interpersonal relationships, and identity. BPD affects 1-2% of the population, mainly women, with high comorbidity, especially post-traumatic stress disorder, and a significant suicide rate. The diagnosis is based on ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria with functional evaluation and specific traits. Various therapeutic models have shown efficacy in improving the quality of life and reducing self-destructive behaviours in these patients. The Evidence-Based Therapies are Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Mentalization-based Therapy (MBT), Transference Focused Psychotherapy (TFP), and General Psychiatric Management (GPM), each with specific approaches and techniques for the treatment of BPD. Therapies can be combined according to the clinical phase and patient needs, using sequential progressions, technical eclecticism, or synthesis, with a common focus on validation, empathy, and active therapeutic alliance. EMDR is used to treat associated childhood traumas and improve prognosis. 15 Apr, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-11-199.php Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions, affecting approximately 5% of school-aged children worldwide. Symptoms persist into adulthood in nearly 75% of cases, with adult ADHD prevalence estimated between 2% and 5% in recent studies [1]. Treatment aims to reduce the most debilitating symptoms: distractibility, difficulty sustaining attention, tendency to impulsiveness, forgetfulness, and disorganization. 09 Apr, 2025 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-11-198.php Background: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has well-established effects on the hallmark symptoms of depression (e.g., DSM symptom criteria), yet it remains unknown whether other clinical phenomena are responsive, such as cognitive distortions and metacognitive disturbances that are central to psychological models of depression. 22 Oct, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-197.php Suicide is a dramatic and frequent consequence of bipolar disorder. Prevention of suicidal behavior involves an assessment of suicidal vulnerability factors (history of suicidal behavior, impulsive personality, etc.), characteristics of depression (agitated depression, a subtype of bipolar disorder, etc.), psychiatric comorbidities, and stress factors. Psychosocial at the same time with the characteristics of suicidal behavior in a depressed subject (severe or repeated gestures in particular) make it possible to direct the diagnosis towards a bipolar disorder rather than a major depressive disorder. In addition to training caregivers to screen for bipolar disorder and assess suicidal behavior, the withdrawal of lethal means, networking, and treatment of depression reduce the risk of suicidal behavior. At the medicinal level, the use of lithium salts could be of particular interest in subjects at high risk of suicide. 17 Aug, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-196.php Previous studies rarely explored either the non-linear effect of time or the mechanism of purpose and reference as contextual factors that affect individual well-being. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between digital media usage and the levels of subjective well-being by using data from the China Family Panel Studies. The multiple linear regression model was applied to this research. The results showed screen time within 18 hours per week had a positive impact on subjective well-being for the sample (n = 8,531). Any screen time over 18 hours per week had a negative impact. Digital media usage for work and social activities was found to be related to subjective well-being (p &lt; 0.05). The usage for consumption was associated with lower levels of subjective well-being (p &lt; 0.05). The effect of digital media on individual well-being is dependent on time control, the gratification of personalized needs in the process of use, and the reference frame in the pseudo environment. 27 Jul, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-195.php In the digital age, the communication gap between parents and adolescents has increased, presenting challenges to understanding the emotional well-being of their children. With the increasing prevalence of social networks, adolescents tend to express their feelings and struggles online rather than engage in face-to-face interaction. Existing monitoring tools allow parents to read messages and observe social media activity, but often fail to interpret the emotional content. Recent studies have explored the feasibility of using natural language processing and machine learning to predict depression based on social media activity. By analyzing the linguistic patterns, sentiments, and emotional content of online communication, researchers have demonstrated the potential to identify individuals suffering from depression at an early stage. This article proposes a novel solution that uses large language models (LLMs) to monitor and analyze adolescent communication on digital platforms, including smartphones and social media. The system aims to detect emotional distress, signs of depression, and other mental health indicators, providing timely alerts to parents. This technology enables parents to understand their teens’ emotions, offer the necessary support, and prevent the escalation of anxiety and depression. 28 May, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-194.php This study aims to investigate the impact of pet therapy on the treatment of depression in elderly individuals and its implications for public health. The research explores the objective, observations, results, and conclusion, of the study. Research has shown that regular interaction with animals can decrease stress hormone levels among older individuals. Additionally, it promotes the release of hormones such as oxytocin, which are associated with increased positive emotions. The physical activities involved in pet therapy sessions also contribute to the overall physical health of elderly individuals by improving balance, and coordination, and reducing the risk of falls. Furthermore, interaction with animals encourages the use of social skills and helps in reducing social isolation among the elderly. The findings indicate that pet therapy significantly reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety in elderly individuals. The widespread adoption of pet therapy can potentially alleviate the burden on healthcare systems and decrease the reliance on medications, ultimately reducing treatment costs. However, it is essential to prioritize animal hygiene and welfare to ensure the effectiveness and safety of pet therapy practices. Overall, pet therapy presents a promising and innovative approach to addressing depression among the elderly. Existing research highlights its efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms and enhancing the quality of life for older adults. Further research is needed to explore the broader applications of pet therapy and to integrate this approach into elderly care programs. This will help establish pet therapy as a valuable component of holistic geriatric care, ultimately contributing to improved mental health and well-being for the elderly population. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the potential benefits of pet therapy in treating depression among the elderly. By further exploring and integrating pet therapy into elderly care programs, we can enhance the overall mental health and well-being of this population. This research underscores the importance of considering alternative and innovative approaches to address mental health issues in the elderly, ultimately contributing to a healthier and happier aging population. 24 May, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-193.php Bipolar disorder poses some diagnostic difficulties because it is colored by the personality of the patients. What complicates the problem are the personality disorders, which make the diagnosis difficult. Comorbid personality disorders are frequent and may complicate the course of bipolar illness. We have much information about treating patients with uncomplicated Bipolar Disorder (BD) but much less knowledge about possibilities for patients with the comorbidity of BD and personality disorder. This review tries to make a point to avoid confusion. 24 Apr, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-192.php Telework developed considerably during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It seems interesting to evaluate the consequences of the use of teleworking in the population of bipolar patients. Increasingly accessible thanks to new technological and digital tools, it is however losing notoriety, because it presents some disadvantages, both for employees and for their employers. Yet, one of the essential benefits for bipolar people seems to be working at times when bipolar people are most productive due to their sleep/wake cycle for example. 29 Mar, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-191.php Bipolar disorder can lead to problems at work, whether in social relationships or the difficulty of certain tasks. The aim of this article is to distinguish between the different challenges that bipolar patients must overcome. Whether it concerns working hours, teamwork, or the choice of profession. Advice is offered to bipolar people to help them in their work, but also what legal protections they are entitled to. 12 Feb, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-190.php Anxiety and depression are the most common issues of mental health problems. In military medicine, healthcare professionals are facing even more of it because the military population is taken out to tasks that are more likely to lead to these kinds of symptoms and/or disorders even with attention, training, and preventive measures. The military medical system focuses on that and in special cases like disasters and pandemics the civilian side could also profit from its experiences. 01 Feb, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-189.php Although clinical descriptions of mixed states date from the beginning of the 19th century, the first use of the term mixed state dates back to French nosological descriptions by Falret in 1861, who thus described "predominant ideas often of a sad nature, in the middle of a state of excitement simulating true mania", but also "inverse states, an extreme confusion of ideas which is combined with the calm of movements and the appearance of reason". It is rather in Germany that the mixed state will be integrated into a homogeneous conception of a psychiatric disorder, similar to our modern conception. Kraepelin describes it more completely in the seventh edition of his treatise. Weygandt, a student of Kraepelin, contributed to the description of mixed states and wrote a treatise specifically on this subject. Kraepelin's conception will be expanded by differentiating on the one hand the transitional forms (the mixed state being a form of passage between the manic and depressive poles) and the autonomous forms (with a worse prognosis). Akiskal offers an interesting enrichment of Kraepelinian and Hamburgers in mixed states. To do this, he uses his work on temperaments. Some clarification therefore seems necessary on the notions of temperament, character, and personality before delving deeper into this data. A decisive synthesis work is carried out by McElroy, et al. whose objective is then to establish an exhaustive review concerning the clinical characteristics, demographic, evolutionary, biological, familial, comorbidity, or response therapy of mixed states. Mixed states appear today in international classifications and are defined there as the summation of manic and major depressive episodes, both complete. Considering these definitions as too restrictive, some authors propose other broader and very variable criteria. 23 Jan, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-188.php Objective: Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is among the most common, widespread, and incapacitating psychiatric disorders, also among children and adolescents. Although efficient treatments have been reported, few children and adolescents receive adequate treatment. A universal prevention program has been shown to be efficacious both among those with syndromal and subsyndromal social anxiety. However, few universal prevention investigations undergo testing of mechanistic hypotheses or how an intervention works across levels of social anxiety. This study aims to test and report the processes underlying the effectiveness of an RCT prevention program to reduce social anxiety in a population-based sample of preadolescents. Method: A parallel multiple mediator model was used to examine the mediation of outcomes from the Norwegian Universal Prevention Program for Social Anxiety (NUPP-SA) by five intermediary variables that well approximate established DSM-5 social anxiety disorder diagnostic criteria. The sample consisted of 1748 pupils between 11 years - 14 years (SD = 1.1) of age assessed twice during a one-year period. Results: The NUPP-SA works differently for the total sample compared to those with social anxiety disorder symptoms. Among the former, the NUPP-SA intervention works via public performance, avoidance, physical/cognitive, and assertiveness factors. For the latter, the NUPP-SA works via the public performance factor. The intervention did not work for either group via the social encounter factor. Conclusion: Universal prevention programs are essential for reducing the impacts of chronic disorders at the individual, institutional, and societal levels. The results from this study support the notion that many children with various levels of social anxiety can be impacted with a Universal prevention intervention program specifically aimed at reducing public performance anxiety. 09 Jan, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-187.php Depression is a barrier to the human workforce. However, the lack of major policies and guidelines for depression disorder in Thailand hinders healthcare workers from addressing this issue. Therefore, this research examines ways to develop depressive disorders in laborers. This study used a qualitative approach to examine the context of depression management in labor. The results of this study presented factors related to depression management from individual to organizational contexts. This finding suggests that stakeholders should take the first step of depression prevention outside healthcare services. 06 Jan, 2024 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-10-186.php The quest for knowing self is the most basic of human nature, which is long believed to be necessary for promoting good health and well-being. This research provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of Self-Awareness (SA) in health and well-being. It was proposed that self-awareness is a positivistic construct that would promote health and well-being. In order to achieve the above-stated purpose, two series of studies were planned. The first study aimed to find out the contribution of SA to various dimensions of health and well-being. A total of 300 college students equally drawn from both genders participated in the study. The self-awareness scale (developed by the researcher), health scale for college students (adapted for the present study), and WHO spirituality form were given to participants. Study I demonstrated that self-awareness predicted most health and well-being factors. The findings further suggested that self-awareness may promote health and well-being. In study II, 60 experimental-control group participants were recruited. Students were allocated into experimental and control groups. A specifically designed Self-awareness Intervention Program (SAIP) was held for five days for the participants in a controlled setting. The results showed a substantial increment in the health and well-being of the treatment group in comparison to the control group. A brief follow-up interview was conducted to understand the Intervention's results. A major implication of the present study is that SA can be used as a positivistic construct and that an intervention program can be taken as a low-cost strategy to promote the health and well-being of college students. 24 Nov, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-185.php The purpose of this article is to provide scientific evidence on mood stabilizers used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Indeed, it has proven difficult to develop drugs for this disorder, particularly in long-term treatment for relapse prevention. We review the main drugs that have obtained approval for use in the European Union and the United States. We take again the clinical studies which provided the basis for the evaluations. These studies are few in number and relatively old as it is difficult to conduct them in bipolar disorder. These are studies in monotherapy but also in dual therapy which better reflects the daily use of these drugs. 14 Oct, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-184.php Introduction: To date, theorizations on the workings of psychological ego defense mechanisms are affected by the psychodynamic influence and theoretical scaffolding of the last century. There is a need to update theories and models to make them more consistent and modern with recent innovations in psychotherapy. Materials and methods: A model related to the functioning of defense mechanisms was generated and the Perrotta Human Defence Mechanisms Questionnaire (PDM-Q-v2) was created to be administered to a selected population to compare it with the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales-Self-Report-30 (DMRSSR- 30) and finally validate it. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the psychometric test has a well-defined and stable construct (r = 0.999; p ≤ 0.001), with the variables well represented (r = 0.818; p ≤ 0.001) and positively correlated with another construct already validated (r = 0.766; p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The Perrotta Human Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (PDM-Q-v2) is a valid, efficient, and effective psychometric tool to identify the functioning or dysfunction of psychological ego defense mechanisms. 26 Sep, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-183.php Depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders have major impacts on the daily life. These disorders are triggered by stress and obstacles stemming from changes in people’s environment, relationships, finances, health, or in the case of many women, triggered by childbirth. An increase in the incidence of depression worldwide strongly correlates with modernization, economic downturns and the effects of major global events such as war and the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the cause of the onset of depressive conditions, there is evidence that implicates Oxidative Stress (OS) as one of the major causes of depressive disorders. This strong association likely stems from the fact that compared to other organs, the brain is more vulnerable OS due to its high oxygen consumption, high lipid content, and weak antioxidant defense. In fact, decreased serum levels of antioxidants and a significant increase in MDA, a marker of lipid peroxidation, have been observed in depressed patients, indicating an elevated OS state. This state leads to not only cellular damage, but also inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, addressing this lack of antioxidants could potentially alleviate depressive symptoms due to OS. Twendee X® (TwX) is a supplement that combines potent levels of eight active ingredients and has shown preventive effects in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Studies using diabetes and aged mouse models, known risk factors for dementia, have shown that TwX has antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial protective effects, as well as inhibiting the age-related decline of neurogenesis and autophagy function. We theorized that these actions of TwX have been proposed to benefit depression by controlling OS. This literature review uses publications on PubMed and Google Scholar to explore the role of OS in psychiatric disorders and recent evidence of the therapeutic effects of antioxidants on such disorders. Publications also include those targeting TwX, which we theorize may be effective in neuropsychiatric disorders via its ability to possibly alleviate the effect of OS in the brain. 23 Sep, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-182.php Introduction: Mexico has a high prevalence of work stress; mental health professionals are a vulnerable group who experience demanding environments that place their own mental health at risk. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the work-related stress levels and development of psychopathology in mental health professionals of a tertiary-level psychiatric hospital in Mexico City. Methods: The study included 90 mental health professionals, utilizing two questionnaires: (1) to analyze the level of occupational stress, the Stress Work Instrument (SWI) for Mexican physicians was employed; and (2) for symptomatic distress, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) was applied. Two theoretical assumptions’ (‘Effort-Reward’ for Karasek and “Effort-Reward Imbalance” for Siegrist) were used to propose an analytical model based on structural equations. Results: The model obtained showed a high and positive structural coefficient (0.76). The goodness-of-fit for the model was acceptable (χ2 = 51.22, p = .02; CFI = .97; RMSEA = 0.08). This study showed a causal explanation for the generation of distress, and the model detected a strong and significant effect from work stress to distress. Conclusion: We conclude that the model obtained predicts a significant effect of work-related stress on mental health such as anxiety, depression, somatization, and feelings of inadequacy in mental health professionals. Therefore, work-related stress factors should be minimized thus preventing distress to ensure that psychiatric personnel enjoy physical and mental health enabling them for efficient and professional clinical practice. 13 Sep, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-181.php Introduction: The construct of affective dependence is now considered a behavioural addiction, but the framework underlying the Perrotta Affective Dependence Model (PAD-M) considers it to be a manifested symptom of a specific psychopathological personality framework, and based on this theorization, the questionnaire (PAD-Q) was constructed to take into account the identification of 7 dysfunctional sub-styles related to the construct of affective dependence (neurotic, dependent, histrionic, masochist, borderline, covert narcissist and psychotic). Methods: Using the PAD-M, the population was selected to validate a new psychometric test, then compared with the Love Addiction Screening Test (LAST). Results: Statistical analysis showed that the psychometric test has a well-defined and stable construct (R = 0.999; p ≤ 0.001), with the variables well represented (R = 0.955; p ≤ 0.001) and positively correlated with another construct already validated (R = 0.961; p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The Perrotta Affective Dependence Questionnaire (PAD-Q) is a valid, efficient, and effective psychometric tool to diagnose the clinically relevant condition of affective dependence to improve the structural and functional framing of the patient and the appropriate therapy to pursue. 02 Aug, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-180.php Objective: To determine the prevalence and incidence of anxiety disorders and depression with loneliness in a sample of adolescents. Material and methodology: Quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional study including 330 Ecuadorian adolescents selected by non-probabilistic purposive sampling. The Ad Hoc Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale were used for data collection. Results: Of the 330 adolescents, 65.5% were male, and the mean age was 16.8 years. Sixty, 60% are in their third year of high school and 39.4% are in their second year. Most of them live in the province of Pichincha 36.1%. In anxiety they present an average of 6.4 and in depression of 5.7; they have an average of 42 in loneliness. There is a positive correlation between anxiety, depression and loneliness. Finally, females have higher levels of depression. Conclusion: Adolescents do not present anxiety or depression disorders, however, they present high levels of loneliness. There is a positive correlation between anxiety, depression, and loneliness, that is, the higher the levels of loneliness, the higher the probability that adolescents present anxiety or depression. Likewise, there is evidence of higher levels of depression in females. 01 Jul, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-179.php The regulation of the control of the emotional experience is one of the determining parameters of the adaptation of an individual to his environment. Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric pathology in which disturbances in the processing of emotions are particularly marked during acute episodes and persist during the interictal period. Treatment with mood stabilizers generally improves the perception of emotions, while antidepressants are brakes on this perception. Finally, simple psychological measures can be useful in controlling emotions. 20 Jun, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-178.php Anxiety disorders are among the main comorbidities encountered in patients with bipolar disease. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies show an increased prevalence of anxiety pathologies (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder) in bipolar subjects compared to the frequencies in the general population. Anxiety disorders are not without consequences on the evolutionary course of the mood disorder, including a significant reduction in euthymia time and less sensitivity to conventional medicinal therapies. 01 Jun, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-177.php A growing international scientific literature demonstrates the existence of sleep abnormalities and sleep/wake (or circadian) rhythms in bipolar disorder. These abnormalities exist during the acute phases of the disease, with the classic presentation of insomnia or hypersomnia during depressive episodes and a reduced need for sleep without feeling tired during manic episodes. But these disturbances can also appear or persist during phases of mood stability. However, it has now been clearly demonstrated that these disturbances can precipitate a new depressive or manic episode. 17 May, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-176.php A recently developed Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT)-based process has been used to understand and explore the nature of spirituality and spiritual experience and its healing characteristics. Experiences of self-worth and dignity (both are operationalized) as the core of spirituality are directly injured by bullying with resultant depression and anxiety. Bullying experiences with progression to actively bullying are devastating to our spiritual core and undermine fundamental faith in self, others and life. This level of injury is often not recognized by many bullying programs. This preliminary communication is presented for researchers in these areas to consider how this process may be used for further research and prevention and intervention efforts. 09 May, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-175.php The success of a patient's rehabilitation depends greatly on many variables. Stroke survivors are often not sufficiently or fully aware of their mental health condition, and as a result are unresponsive, frustrated, and have difficulty with executive functions. The aim was to investigate the effect of the "Golden Circle" cognitive exercise on the quality of life of post-stroke patients. The subjects were 30 volunteers at a subacute stage after an ischemic stroke. They were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). Quality of life questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale administered. They were asked to draw a circle on a blank A4 page and at the top to write a title, and within the circle to write their problems, their suggested solutions and to intuitively write associations to a color, a taste, an animal, and a general physical sensation, and below these the date. Following the intervention experimental group showed improvement in walking, standing up, daily activities and general quality of life. Using the "Golden Circle" exercise to improve self-awareness and motivation in stroke survivors contributes to coping and taking responsibility for their rehabilitation. 13 Apr, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-174.php Mental health is one of the 3 essential health columns which is defined according to WHO as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity". Depression is one of the most common mental health. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), depression is defined as at least two weeks period with either or both depressed mood most of the time or anhedonia with 3 to 4 of the following (change of appetite, feeling of worthlessness, insomnia, diminished of concentration, psychomotor agitation, fatigue, or thought of death or suicide) and should not be attributed to drugs or another medical condition. 28 Mar, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-173.php Objective: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has as diagnostics characteristics chronic deep sadness, anhedonia, sleeping disorder, lower energy, and cognition impairment like memory deficits. Among the pharmacological treatments that have been used until the moment, most of them act by monoaminergic pathways. Overall, the antidepressant effects promoted by this kind of medication usually delay starting, resulting in treatment resistance by the patients; moreover, in some cases, this kind of treatment has shown to be inefficient in depression remission. With this, new treatments have been studied for resistant cases and an immediate antidepressant effect, for example, ketamine – whose action occurs in glutamatergic pathways. This study aimed to analyze, from a literature review, the molecular mechanisms involved in the action of ketamine - focusing on the neuroplastic hypothesis of depression. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and SciELO databases using the following terms as descriptors: "ketamine AND depression AND neuroplasticity," with criterion PICO, resulting in 60 bibliographic texts. Results/discussion: The studies analyzed demonstrated that ketamine could exert its antidepressant effects through the inhibition of GABAergic interneurons, activation of TRK-B/AKT/mTORC pathways involved with cell survival/growth through the neurotrophine BDNF and increased activation of AMPAr by glutamate. Furthermore, it is evident that the pharmacodynamics of ketamine involves different molecular cascades present in the impaired neural plasticity pathways in individuals with MDD. Conclusion: Thus, more research on the effectiveness of ketamine is needed to consolidate its use in MDD and to evolve with glutamatergic pharmacological therapy for other mental disorders, such as bipolar and neurodegenerative affective disorders, an example of Alzheimer's disease. 17 Mar, 2023 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-9-172.php Bipolar disorder is a chronic illness, defined by a succession of depressive and/or manic periods separated by free intervals. Its evolution with aging is marked by a high suicide mortality rate. Bipolar disorders raise the question of their evolution when the age of the subject, in particular with regard to their frequency, their clinical characteristics, their prognosis and their management. The evolution of bipolar disorder with aging poses several difficulties in clinical practice due to its underestimated frequency and its misleading presentation and in particular by the presence of sometimes significant cognitive alterations leading sometimes to dementia. 03 Oct, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-8-171.php The increasing size of displaced populations seeking protection in third countries, should be considered in public health and especially in Psychotherapy in that countries. Refugees from the Middle East, usually from collective cultures, require special skills and modifications in the treatment setting. The cultural formulation (CF) of illness and suffering, as described in the recent version of medical standard manuals, is part of this challenge. Besides bridging cultures, the specific nature of trauma, especially highly complex issues such as a genocidal environment, - in our case example - the both transgenerational and the immediate persecution experienced by the Yazidi ethnic and religious minority - the therapist must also consider aspects of distress caused by displacement and exile. The article discusses the needed adaptations in the therapeutic setting, using the case of a Yezidi woman surviving ISIS violence abduction. Within the framework of our treatment, she received cognitive behavioral therapy with individual and group therapies (multimodal interventions) over a period of 10 weeks. Besides establishing stability, safety and orientation and strengthening her self-consciousness, her traumatic experiences were considered from an individual, collective, socio - cultural and political point of view. Both the causes and maintaining conditions of the symptoms as well as the symptoms themselves are being worked on. The sensitive confrontation with the trauma was particularly helpful for the patient. In addition, she learned to participate actively in everyday life and in new social contacts again during therapy. She was able to overcome the passive - avoidant lifestyle since the traumatic event in a somewhat stable manner, although she will still need time to develop a stable perspective in the long term. She was offered the prospect of renewed follow-up treatment if necessary. 07 Apr, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-8-170.php Dental anxiety is associated with the thought or idea of seeing the dentist and undergoing dental procedures. Anxiety-associated problems in the dental setting include avoidance of appointments, inability to provide successful dental care, and delay in optimal recovery. Anxiolysis is important to the level of being mandatory for suitable administration of dental care. Since times immemorial, dentists have struggled to manage anxiety successfully by employing changing concepts and strategies over time. Pharmacological modalities to allay anxiety-like sedation and general anesthesia are popular yet associated with an added cost per patient, side effects, expensive armamentarium, documentation, and patient monitoring. Non-pharmacological modalities for anxiety management have been employed over time but have limited nature of success. The use of hypnosis as a therapeutic modality for healing and resolving anxiety is known for over five thousand years and has been a part of many cultures over time. Progressive Muscle Relaxation, which was documented first in 1908 is based on the principle of releasing neuromuscular tension in the body which creates a state of emotional equilibrium. In the present paper, an in-depth review of the techniques i.e. Hypnosis and Progressive Muscle Relaxation is provided from the perspective of a dental clinician from historical evolution to practical recommendations. Both Hypnosis and Progressive Muscle Relaxation hold promise to be adjunct tools in the modern dentist’s armamentarium to manage anxiety. 29 Mar, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-8-169.php Hysteria still exists, even if this stigmatizing term has been abandoned in favor of more descriptive terms (dissociative disorders, conversion disorders, functional disorders), and represents a frequent and disabling pathology. Even if in some situations, the establishment of a definitive diagnosis remains difficult, more and more clinical and paraclinical signs are developing to help in the diagnosis and the error rate is low. Thus, the clinician must currently make a positive diagnosis of conversion and no longer, as unfortunately often in the past, confine himself to evoking by default such a possibility in the face of an atypical picture accompanied by an extensive negative paraclinical assessment. The most probable etiology concerns triggering factors of a psychiatric nature (traumatic episode or psychic stress, vulnerability with a field of abuse in childhood, comorbidity of anxio-depressive disorders), which can, in turn, lead to changes in brain function, the exact neurobiological correlate of which remains to be determined, even if many leads have recently been suggested by brain imaging. The care of these patients requires an in-depth and specialized examination, if possible, with the help of a neurologist, then psychiatric care, combined with somatic follow-up. In the future, a better understanding of the etiological mechanisms will make it possible to develop more specific treatments. 17 Mar, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-8-168.php Objective: It is a systematic review on the COVID-19 and its post complication by using pulmonary rehabilitation as an intervention. This review paper aims at collecting, focusing, and presenting the current evidence and information on pulmonary rehabilitation to patients with COVID-19 and also its effect upon the HRQoL, ADL and mental health. Design: It is a systematic review, where 3756 studies were searched on the web of science, Scopus, PubMed, PEDro, and google scholar. published from 18th Jan 2020-19th Sep 2020. We searched the reference lists of selected studies, registries, international clinical trials, and respiratory conference abstracts to look for qualifying studies. Selection criteria; Randomised controlled trial, case reports, cohort and cross-sectional studies in which pulmonary rehabilitation as an intervention in COVID-19 patients and its effect on the HRQoL, ADL and mental anxiety depression health were included. Result: Eleven, out of 3765 studies were included, consisting of 4 RCTs, 4, cross-sectional, 2 case reports, and one cohort the studies evaluated effects of PR on HQoL, ADL, mental health, anxiety, and depression. In COVID-19 patients. The 11 studies included evaluated HQoL, ADL and mental health. among these Four studies reported using SF-36, IE (impact of the event) scale, and VAS. Three studies evaluated ADL through the FIM scale and Barthel index. Five studies evaluated mental health, depression, and anxiety using SDS (Self-Rating Depression Scale), SAS (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale), STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Scale), PHQ-9 (physical health questionnaire), MHLS(Mental Health Lifestyle Scale) and HADS(hospital anxiety and depression scale). Conclusion: The studies included in this systematic review showed that PR is an effective treatment option for patients with COVID-19, its post complications, and the effects upon HQoL, ADL, mental health, depression, and anxiety. There is a future need for more studies of a high methodological quality addressing PR effects on COVID-19 patients. Trial registration number: PROSPERO CRD42020209619. 02 Feb, 2022 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-8-167.php Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence, and related variables of anxiety and depressive disorders among physical therapy students in Faisalabad's private institutes. Material and methodology: This is a cross-sectional study including medical students from the University of Faisalabad's Department of Physical Therapy. Using convenient sampling, 98 subjects were enrolled in the study after the ethics committee approved it. Questions about socio-demographic characteristics like gender, age, and parental education were included in the data collection tool. Descriptive results are represented in the form of Mean ± S.D. Chi-square test was applied for comparison of anxiety and depression with other variables. Checked significance at p-value 0.05. Results: Out of 98 participants, 63(64%) were male and 35(36%) were female. Out of 98 participants, 31(31.36%) were in age group pf 18-22 years, 39(39.79%) were in age group of 23-26 years and 28(27.57%) were in age group of 27-30 year. Average of age was 25.22 ± 2.19 years. Semester wise students included in the study out of 98 26.53% belonged to 2nd semester. 32.65% belonged to 4th semester and 40.85% belonged to 6th semester. After checking the association between variables and anxiety and depression significant difference were found between all variables with p-values less than 0.05. Conclusion: The study discovered high discomfort among physical therapy students. Furthermore, no significant gender variations in the incidence of anxiety and depression were found. Anxiety and depression have a significant societal and individual cost, including failure in clinical and written exams, medical dropouts, professionalism and personality development. 08 Oct, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-166.php Aim: Against the background of the rising number of elderly people being incarcerated and the rare data on this special subgroup, the aim of our study was to collect first empirical data on the affective state of elderly prisoners in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Methods: Data were collected in nine German prisons. We included elderly prisoners from pretrial prevention, penal sentences, open enforcement, preventive detention and from special detention units for elderly inmates. For the evaluation of the affective state, we used the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Sociodemographic and crime-related characteristics were documented. Findings: In total, n=116 prisoners (91.4% male) were included. The age ranged from 53 to 91 years (65.6±6.3 years). In our sample, 48% reported at least mild depressive symptoms, which is a significantly higher prevalence of depressive symptomatology than in the general population aged 60 years and older. Differences were found with regard to the type of detention, as prisoners in open enforcement showed significantly less symptoms compared to those in pretrial prevention and preventive detention. The participants reported in general more somatic symptoms as sleep disturbances and fatigue compared to mood items as feelings of sadness. Originality: It is the first study assessing the affective state of older prisoners in Germany. The high rate of depressive symptoms in our sample is in line with findings from international studies underlining the need for adequate diagnostics and therapy. In addition, in a previous study depression was indirectly linked with a greater risk of re-incarceration, fortifying the need for successful treatment of depression in prison both for the individuum and for society. 29 Sep, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-165.php Between 2017 and 2019 I went through the experience of depression and consequently I developed anxiety. In the beginning, in the months of November and December 2017, I found myself in a deep despair, not knowing how to identify what was happening. As an intervention, I went through consultations with the psychologist, where I had conversations, writing and positive affirmations. After these consultations I improved and got out of my depressed state. Awareness in the consultations with the psychologist made me realize how far I was from who I am and from this contact with a professional I was able to gain clarity about my condition and learned techniques to maintain my self-care constant. 18 Sep, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-164.php Objective: To Compare the Level of Mental Stress among Exercising and Non-Exercising under graduate Physiotherapy Students of LUMHS, Jamshoro. Methodology: A cross sectional survey was conducted from October to December 2019, and the data was collected from the undergraduates students of Institute of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science Jamshoro, Pakistan. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used among 194 undergraduate physiotherapy students. Apart from the demographics (age, gender, education & locality) the PSS questionnaire consist of 10 questions. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to interpret the data. Result: The majority (n=101, 51.7%) were from the age group of 18 to 21 years and (n=127, 65.1%) were female. Mostly (n=49, 25.1%) were the students of 1st year Doctor of Physical Therapy and (n=116, 59.4%) of the students were the residents of urban area. Among the non-exercising group of students majority (n=66,68%) were suffering from low level of mental stress, (n=33,34%) were suffering from moderate level of mental stress and (n=24,24.7%) were suffering from severe level of mental stress followed by the exercise group, in which (n=40,41.2%) were suffering from low level of mental stress, (n=21,21.6%) were suffering from moderate level of mental stress and (n=10,10.%) were suffering from severe level of mental stress. Conclusion: The study finalized that the exercising group of students had lower level of mental stress as compare to the non-exercising group of students. However both groups have the individuals with mental stress but the exercising students group had low number of those individuals. 09 Sep, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-163.php Starting from the models proposed on the subject of defense mechanisms by Perry-Vaillant, Gleser-Ihilevich, Bond, Haan, Plutchik, Carver and Johnson-Gold, this research focuses attention on the need to respond to the need for a better structure than the current psychodynamic tools, in a functional framework, in terms of defense mechanisms, starting from the nosographic schemes of the Perrotta Integrative Clinical Interviews (PICI-2) and the emotional framework of the Perrotta Human Emotions Model (PHEM) that studies basic emotions and emotional-behavioral reactions. For this reason, with 24 closed multiple-choice narrative questions, on a 0-5 scale, the Perrotta Human Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (PDM-Q) allows to identify which defense mechanisms the patient uses the most and their degree of functioning, starting from the central role of emotions. The paradigm at the basis of the PDM-Q (able to identify 24 defense mechanisms, in their 28 functional and 59 dysfunctional forms) is therefore to work directly on the emotional states and on the emotional-behavioral reactions of the patient to identify the individual defense mechanisms and their degree of functioning or habitual dysfunction, based on the factual circumstances. 19 Aug, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-162.php Starting from the models of James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Watson, Darwin, Ekman, Cowen-Keltner, Schachter-Singer and Mandler, a new model on the subject of human emotions, the "Perrotta Human Emotions Model" (PHEM), was prepared, which would take into account the need to order and distinguish, in a clearer and more functional way, the following concepts: (a) the "sensation" is the result of the interaction between the sense organ and the restitution of the content; (b) the "perception" is the reprocessing of the sensation, and can be of the first level (when the sensation is processed in the neurobiological phase) or of the second level (when the sensation processed neurobiologically passes a second evaluation screen by the person's normative content, and then is returned through behaviors); c) the "anxiety" is the feeder of the circuit, the energetic activator; d) the "emotion" is a basic modality that allows us to adapt to internal and external circumstances; e) the "sentiments (or feelings)" is an emotional-behavioral reaction or the subjective emotional experience lived by the person thanks to the interaction of basic emotions with anxiety, and/or with the combination of sentiments, always with the aim of perfecting one's adaptation; f) the "discomfort" is a state of mind, such as tension or hyperactivity or hypoactivity, which occurs when the person experiences different feelings, depending on the factual situations; g) the "affection" is a feeling of attachment to someone or something, even material, exclusively related to the basic emotion of pleasure and in particular (but not exclusively) to the friendly and loving feelings h) the "need" is the instinctive impulse that arises to satisfy a desire and presupposes a state of necessity that if not satisfied brings suffering and frustration; i) the "desire" is the object of the need; j) the "need" is the degree of importance and urgency that need goes to satisfy; k) the "instinctual drive (or impulse)", unlike the Freudian concept, is any conscious or unconscious manifestation of a need. According to this new perspective, therefore, this construct is based on the hypothesis that every action/behavior arises from a need (or instinctual drive) that seeks satisfaction, and therefore the "emotional states" (or emotions) are the basic modes that our mind knows (and "installed" by default) thanks to which we can adapt to internal and external circumstances, while the "emotional-behavioral reactions" (or sentiments) are subjective emotional experiences experienced by the person thanks to the interaction of basic emotions with anxiety. In total, there are 2 emotional states (or basic emotions: anguish, and pleasure) that give rise to 152 first (14/152), second (42/152), and third-level (96/152) emotional-behavioral reactions (or sentiments). Referring to the PICI-2 model and the role of anxiety as a natural "neutral" activator and/or enhancer (and not as a basic emotion as mistakenly believed by some), the origin of all psychopathologies is to be found, according to this model, in the dysfunctional management of emotions and sentiments, and not in anxiety: in fact, working in psychotherapy on one's own emotional alphabet allows to unlock anxiety (and not vice versa) and consequently the vicious circle that feeds the psychopathological condition, unmasking cognitive distortions and self-deception. The paradigm at the base of PHEM is therefore to work directly on the emotional alphabet of the person and on the analysis of their emotions, to intervene indirectly on the anxiety that feeds and strengthens the maladaptive, dysfunctional, toxic, or pathological pattern. 22 Apr, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-161.php Since March 2020, after the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic, people worldwide has struggled with what can likely be considered the most severe global health crisis of recent times, comprising of 131,000,000 confirmed cases and more than 2,800,000 deaths [1]. The first registered case was reported in Wuhan, China, in November, 2019 [2,3] and it took less than three months for the infection to strike Brazil, as the first official COVID-19 Brazilian case was confirmed, in February 25th 2020 [4]. 25 Mar, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-160.php Background: Depressive symptomatology is a prevalent and disabling condition in older adults, considered as a public health problem due to its devastating consequences reducing the chances to successfully age. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of depressive symptomatology as risk factor for successful aging in older adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study, participants n=401 community-dwelling older adults 60 years and older previous informed consent. Depressive symptomatology was assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale, and Successful aging according to Rowe and Kahn criteria. Risk analyses crude and adjusted were performed. Results: Depressive symptomatology was reported by 27.2% of the participants, only 11% met the criteria for successful aging. Depressive symptoms referring anhedonia were significant as risk factors for successful aging: drooped many activities and interests (OR=5.58), feelings of emptiness in life (OR= 2.43), often getting bored (OR=3.52) and preferring to stay home rather than going out and doing new things (OR=3.95). Symptoms of depressed mood were also related significantly to successful aging, feeling helpless (OR=2.79) and feeling in a hopeless situation (OR=4.15). Also was related the symptom of fatigue (OR=3.12) and the afraid that something bad happens (2.08). OR adjusted were only significant for anhedonia symptoms: drooped many activities and interests, preferring to stay home rather than going out and doing new things, and their interaction. Conclusions: In this study we went deeper to identify specific depressive symptomatology and found that most significant depressive symptoms associated with successful aging were those involving anhedonia. It is necessary to diagnose and provide a treatment to prevent the negative consequences of depression in older adults, hence, promoting better chances for aging successfully. 19 Mar, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-159.php In psychiatry, only descriptive semiology (DSM), and the effect of suggestion of naive clinical investigation that can result from it, leads to the proliferation of diagnoses in terms of" mono or bipolar of different types. They justify the prescription. of antidepressant treatment aimed at eliminating disabling symptoms, sometimes without any other form of psychopathological questioning The depressed person cannot work and is expensive: a disorder to be corrected as quickly as possible. 23 Feb, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-158.php Women are often more likely to report mental health problems such as depression compared to men [1,2]. As individuals age, people with children are more likely to be depressed [3]. Therefore, mothers are at particularly high risk for depression, and their depression negatively influences their children's development [4,5]. Even though it is important to take into account the effect of mother’s depression on their children’s psychological health, empirical evidence about the intergenerational effects of depression at three points in time does not exist. 11 Jan, 2021 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-7-157.php Stress is an adaptive response of the organism to an event that can be both internal and external, interfering at the endocrine, humoral, organic and biological levels: If the person reacts with all his resources, in a constructive and functional way, then we speak of "eustress", responding in an adaptive and functional way; if, on the other hand, the person fails to draw on his strategies, then we speak of "distress", giving rise to a more or less pervasive and serious form of maladaptation, which if reinforced with specific conditioning could give rise to one or more psychopathologies. It is therefore important to intervene on the person, according to a precise therapeutic plan, and on his mental and personality patterns, in order to remodel certain learned models that reinforce maladaptation and to support and assist the person in his process of awareness towards the invalidating and/or dysfunctional condition. 03 Dec, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-156.php Bipolar Disorder (BD) in children and adolescents is poorly understood and underdiagnosed. We describe its clinical manifestations, its interweaving of comorbidity with frequent psychopathological manifestations, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which allows us to outline the prodromes and risk indicators. Depending on the presentation of these indicators, several degrees of clinical risk can be established. Irritability, impulsivity, hyperactivity, frustration intolerance and sleep disturbances are among the most common symptoms. In the presence of a suicidality clinic, drug abuse (cannabis, alcohol), or psychotic symptoms, in a context of significant family history, the child psychiatrist should no longer hesitate to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and initiate a consequent treatment. 23 Nov, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-155.php The objective of this study was to explore how age at the time of blast-exposure affects behavioral and cognitive responses. Non-anesthetized male middle-aged rats were exposed to visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile effects of a low-pressure explosive blast-wave produced by exploding a thin copper wire. Validated cognitive and behavioral paradigms were used to assess both the PTSD-phenotype and mTBI-phenotype. Naïve middle-aged rats displayed very heterogeneous individual responses. Whereas some middle-aged rats performed as well as young rats, others showed pronounced cognitive deficits and several were unable to find the platform at all. The variance made it difficult to determine "normal" criteria for learning patterns. The middle-aged rats displayed significantly worse behavioral outcomes following blast-exposure than young rats. This finding was especially evident in depression-related behavior, and there was a significant decline in spatial reference learning ability, which was not observed in younger rats. These results indicate that middle-aged rats respond differently to blast exposure than young rats and that age is an important factor to consider in pre-clinical efficacy studies. This study emphasizes the complexity of working with older subjects, both in terms of determining "baseline norms" and in terms of the pattern of responses to the experimental paradigm. These characteristics are also found in studies involving older human subjects, certainly in terms of age-related baseline characteristics. 19 Nov, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-154.php Despite that not all symptoms of depression can be achieved in animals the translational animal models can mimic the aspects of human depressive disorders in terms of disease symptoms as well as their neurobiological mechanisms. Results of testing the antidepressant drug effects in behavioral animal models of depression are presented. In these models, depressive-like behavior is induced by various stress factors in laboratory animals. However, patients suffering from the Therapeutic Resistant Depression (TRD) do not have high-stress markers. Thus, animals with predisposing factors leading to heightened stress responsiveness as a tool for discovering drugs for human TRD treatment are also presented. Antidepressant treatment effects are reported to be achieved through complex influences on body responses associated to reward, stress, and inflammation, the processes reported to be influenced by activities of the Endocannabinoid System. Cannabidol (the cannabinoid without abuse potential) is reported as an antidepressant agent. 02 Nov, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-153.php The scope of this paper is a comparison between the forms of anxiety present in advanced societies and those that prevailed around the year 1000. The year 1000 has been described as a period of intense fear of the apocalypse. This theory is disputed today. But even if the documentary sources are rare and difficult to interpret, the interest remains to wonder, by comparing them with the current forms, with the anxiety in the medieval world where one often dies young and where the hunger is a permanent risk. While some causes of anxiety may have changed, fundamentally the human species continues to have the same fears. It is disturbing to note that some chroniclers describe for example a panic attack with a symptomatology close to that of the most modern classifications. 08 Sep, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-152.php COVID-19 pandemic required compulsory social isolations to control the transmission of infection, so people had to stay at home for months in most part of the world. Turkish government has imposed curfew for the people aged 65 and over, who are most affected by the devastating effects of COVID-19 disease. Curfew was imposed to protect the older people, but staying at home for months can cause negative psychological effects like depression. Here, we aimed to establish the depression tendency by using depression indicators such as insomnia, poor appetite, despair, weariness, anxiety/fear, dereliction, lack of concentration, anger and trashiness, in people aged 65 and over, who were exposed to curfew during COVID-19 outbreak. The participants (n: 119) of this study were the students of Tazelenme University, a third age university, of Antalya Campus. Cluster analyses recovered two clusters. Statistically significant differences were found between the two clusters by mean comparison of values, according to age, years of education and household factors, while no statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of the two clusters by gender. Participants of Cluster 2 (average age 64,40) appeared to be more affected than participants of Cluster 1 (average age 68,61) by the curfew during outbreak and were more tend to be depressive. The results indicated a relationship between curfew and depression. 05 Aug, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-151.php Background: Depression is a burdensome disease of global importance, and although prevalent, it is mostly undiagnosed in patients with hypertension. Anxiety is another significant factor associated with increased Blood Pressure and is an independent predictor of future hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety among hypertensive’s attending Imo Specialist Hospital Owerri, Nigeria. Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was undertaken, utilizing systematic random sampling method in the recruitment of 334 respondents. Depression and anxiety was determined using a standard tool known as depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21). The questionnaire was administered to the respondents by the researcher after an informed consent was obtained. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 334 respondents were recruited for the study comprising 190 (56.9%) females and 144 (43.1%) males. The Overall prevalence of depression and anxiety among the hypertensive patients was 77.8%. The result indicated that among the hypertensive’s, 242 (72.5%) had both conditions of depressed and anxious, 74 (22.2%) were neither depressed nor anxious, 14 (4.1%) were anxious but not depressed while 4 (1.2%) were depressed but not anxious. Conclusion: A combination of hypertensive medications with psychotherapy and antidepressants can definitely help prevent severe attacks of High Blood Pressure. Hence, the study recommends the need for psychiatric evaluation, counseling, and support services for hypertensive patients as an important component for the management of hypertension especially at advanced stage. 27 Jun, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-150.php This work focuses on the theme of amnesia and in particular on the clinical, psychopathological and neurophysiological elements. It is evident that the resolution of the amnestic condition depends mainly on the clinical cause that originates it and therefore on its management and recovery. Amnesia is therefore a symptom of a more extensive pathological condition, which must be investigated and treated with the best possible techniques, except for the hypotheses of irreparable damage. 22 Jun, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-149.php Introduction: Depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders among adults, previously seen as an acute and self-limiting illness, but is now recognised as a chronic, lifelong illness. The importance of mental health and wellbeing has been recognised among young adults and moreover healthcare professionals. Interviewing a patient with chronic anxiety and depression, I reflect how these relate to the published literature relating to the metal health and wellbeing of medical students. Methods: Interviewing a patient suffering with chronic anxiety and depressive illness, I highlight a number of areas I found thought provoking and review the published literature relating to mental health and wellbeing of medical students. 17 Jun, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-148.php “Out of darkness and formlessness something evolves.” (W. Bion). 06 Jun, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-147.php Considering suicide in action terms and pointing out that it a distorted action, we describe some of the distortions as problems in self- and action- monitoring. Problems in pain, emotion and awareness as self- and action-monitoring systems were found in suicide actions and projects. We expanded these by the conception of a suicide action in its self-monitoring function. It monitors an inacceptable aggressive thought and action against a relevant other. The conception of suicide as a goal-directed action, on one hand, and the necessity of improving the self- and action-monitoring, on the other, facilitated the development of a brief clinical therapy program in which a reduction of the probability of a suicide attempt by 80% in 24 months was achieved. 06 May, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-146.php Major depressive disorder is a substantial health problem that affects people of all ages. Researchers have estimated that 2-6% of children and adolescents in the community suffer from depression. Major depressive disorder in children and adolescents is a chronic and relapsing condition, which does not remits spontaneously. A major proportion of depression in children and adolescents remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Children with depression cannot just snap out of it on their own. If left untreated, depression in children and adolescents canin lead to school failure, conduct disorder, anorexia and bulimia, school phobia, panic attacks, substance abuse, or even suicide. Depression in adolescents substantially heightens the risk of suicide. Hence, there is a need to identify and treat the same at the earliest to reduce its long-term negative consequences. 06 May, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-145.php Depressive thoughts appeared from the origins of Humanity. They are found in philosophical writings and in literature since Antiquity. They have been approached in a religious or medical way since always, with conceptions which sometimes mixed physiological and mystical explanations. With the advent of psychiatry as a medical discipline, depressive disorder was included in the classifications of mental disorders. In the first half of the 20th century, depression was only a detectable syndrome in most mental illnesses, psychoses and neuroses, and received no special attention in our societies. Its determinism is designed in a multifactorial way, integrating psychological, social and biological factors. 15 Apr, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-144.php Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurs generally two months after an acute stress. We challenge the opportunity to observe an increase of PTSD after the end of the confinement induced by the pandemic of covid-19. PTSD can develop in response to exposure to an extremely stressful or traumatic event, or an exceptionally threatening situation. Examples include rape, violent attack, severe accidents, sudden destruction of home or community, or harm to close relatives or friends, but as well after confinement. The present paper tries to prevent from the consequences of fear of pandemic and confinement. 10 Apr, 2020 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-6-143.php In the field of neuroscience applied to emotions and affects, some hormones have been studied for their relational and social activation capacity. Among these, the peptide hormone called oxytocin, long known for the induction of birth contractions and other physiological functions, is involved in attachment, confidence and reduction of anxiety, facilitating the stability of emotional relationships and therefore loyalty and love. Therapeutic uses are then proposed for synthetic oxytocin for eating disorders, substance addictions and even autism. In the following review, the primary experimental evidence and the possible side effects are proposed again, orienting the study on more detailed specific investigations. 17 Dec, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-5-142.php It appears that bipolar patients suffer from cognitive difficulties whereas they are in period of thymic stability. These intercritical cognitive difficulties are fairly stable and their severity is correlated with the functional outcome of patients. Nevertheless, the profile of cognitive impairment varies significantly from study to study quantitatively and qualitatively. 02 Nov, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-5-141.php Background: Anxiety and depressive disorders affect Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients since the early stages of the disease. Although the presence of these symptoms is widely recognized, the beginning and the psychological mechanisms at the basis of these disorders have rarely been examined in detail. 06 Aug, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-5-140.php The study of animal behavior in the laboratory environment aims to promote welfare and minimize the discomfort of animals during scientifi c tests. 31 Jul, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-5-139.php Although the association between Job Satisfaction (JS) and depression has been reported at a global level, relatively little is known about that relationship in terms of specifi c aspects of JS and subtypes of depression. To investigate this issue, eighty-eight employed participants from rural Australia answered questionnaires about JS and depression, plus background factors such as hours worked at paid employment and at unpaid employment. 27 Jul, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-5-138.php Starting from the categorical defi nitions of “depressive disorders”, we proceeded to list the individual forms provided by the DSM-V, with a particular focus on historical, clinical, neurobiological and therapeutic profi les, concluding the analysis of the possible strategies to be used to fi nalize the resolutions to problems arising from the disorder in question. 20 Apr, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-5-137.php Primary health care for mental health in workers should apply to actualities of workers’ stress coping and stress response. We conducted an assessment by cross-sectional study concerning stress coping, job stress, and stress response among IT employees in Japan. Subjects were 75 healthy new employees (males). We used the 54-item Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS, domains: exhaustion, cynicism, professional efficacy), the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ, domains: demand, control, social support), the General Coping Questionnaire (GCQ, domains: emotion expression, emotional support seeking, cognitive reinterpretation, problem solving). 12 Apr, 2019 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-5-136.php Three hundred and fifty-three adult participants completed self-report measures assessing depression, the putative “Big 5” personality factors, socially desirable responding, and a new scale intended to measure the propensity to engage in a self-defeating interpersonal style of behavior (the SELF-DISS; Atkinson & Vernon, 2018). Our goals were to see whether SELF-DISS scores would significantly predict depression and whether they would do so over and above the proposed “Big 5” trait constructs using online recruitment of participants from the general population at large. The recruitment method, although expeditious, necessarily resulted in the self-selection of participants, thereby raising the possibility that some sampling bias may have been incorporated into the study. Nevertheless, the results obtained clearly supported both predictions. 31 Dec, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-135.php Bringing a child into the world causes a lot of upheaval and it is normal, after childbirth, to feel sometimes happy, sometimes sad and irritable. Soon after the birth of their child, the majority of women (about 80%) experience what is called the 3rd day syndrome, or “baby blues”. Postpartum depression is a much more serious disorder that occurs around the third week after delivery. Symptoms occur for weeks to months or more. Postpartum depression can occur in the first 12 months after delivery, but in the majority of cases it occurs in the first few weeks after birth. It is manifested by anxiety, insomnia and depressive symptoms. The treatment of postpartum depression is essentially psychotherapeutic although SSRIs are used. A new molecule, brexanolone, may change the prognosis. 23 Oct, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-134.php Social, psychological and biological factors interact to cause both mental and physical disease. Chronic low grade infl ammation is a risk factor for many conditions including atherosclerosis and its complications, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and depression. The infl ammatory response is designed to protect against pathogenic micro-organisms but in the process some damage to our own tissues is inevitable. 09 Oct, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-133.php Background: The co-occurrence of multiple interacting medical and psychological disorders is extremely common. A significant association between allergic disease (ADz - e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis) and depression has been reported. Objective: Path analysis models using cross-sectional data were constructed to evaluate the inter-relationships among underlying co-occurring factors known to impact depression in young adults. Method: 885 college students (21.80 ± 3.22 years old) completed an online survey assessing current ADz, sleep quality, pain/discomfort, Body Mass Index, stress, substance use, Internet addiction, physical activity, social support and depression. 14 Sep, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-132.php Background: The emotional climate between mothers and their children is known to be a significant indicator for the development of childhood psychopathology. One index that allows measuring family-emotional climate is the expressed emotion measure (EE). Maternal mental strain is known to affect maternal EE, as it can shape the way a mother thinks about, and interacts with her child. 07 Apr, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-131.php Disorders now well identified and recognized by caregivers are observed post stroke especially fatigue and depression. The patient and especially his family must be informed, to reduce the destabilizing effect of finding a loved one different from that known before the stroke, especially when returning home. The disorders can change over time or be improved by medication. Sometimes, they will permanently alter the character or behavior of the person, psychological help to the patient and his relatives is often useful. 03 Apr, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-130.php The depressive states of the elderly are frequent and difficult to diagnose due mainly to their clinical heterogeneity. One of the reasons for the increase in the rate of suicide in the over 80 years is probably the non-recognition of depressive states. 12 Feb, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-129.php It is increasingly diffi cult to defi ne what an anxiolytic is, since anxiety is multiple although many symptoms are common. On the other hand the most used drugs in different forms of anxiety were fi rst used as antidepressants. This article tries to put together the different effective anxiolytics used and describe their pharmacology. 02 Feb, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-128.php For a long time researchers and clinicians have been trying to clarify the possible existing relationships between Alzheimer’s disease and the depression in the elderly. This article tries to take stock of these complex links. It seems that often depression is clinically confused with apathy. 17 Jan, 2018 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-4-126.php Until recently, there was the belief that people with bipolar disorder were not fi t to be treated with psychological therapies, which has been widely denied in recent years. 13 Dec, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/articles/ADA-3-125.php The treatment of bipolar depression is the subject of intensive research, as shown by the numerous references obtained only in the last year using the terms “bipolar depression and treatment” in MEDLINE. 12 Oct, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-124.php Depression as one kind of neuropsychiatric disorder affects tons of population in the world and exerts great economic and social burden. Great efforts have been made during the past decades aiming to decipher the underlying mechanism of this mental disease. 05 Oct, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-123.php Objective: To investigate and compare mental health status between war-affected Darfuri and nonwar- affected Omdurmani undergraduate students at Ahfad University for Women in Omdurman city, Sudan. 18 Sep, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-122.php Background: Depression and anxiety are two of the most commonly experienced psychological disorders of cancer patients. They are associated with unique psychophysiological side effects that importantly encompass poorer treatment outcomes, increased periods of hospitalization and higher mortality rates. 29 Aug, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-121.php In this case report, we present an elderly gentleman with prominent somatic delusions associated with depressive features. He was diagnosed to have severe depressive episode with mood congruent psychotic symptoms and was resistant to both pharmacological and psychological intervention. 28 Aug, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-120.php Genetic counseling for cancer predisposition is associated with a potentially underestimated emotional impact. The Genetic Counseling Service of the Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland evaluated the degree of anxiety before and after counseling and its correlation with the level of satisfaction of counselees. 05 Jul, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-119.php Introduction: Psychopathology of adolescents in developing countries such as Bangladesh is a neglected problem, which should get more attention, especially with a focus on fi nding targets for prevention and intervention. Aim of the study was to study relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology in Bengali adolescents. 21 Jun, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-118.php Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the possible impact of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) on quality of life (QoL), social anxiety, and perceived mental health in obese patients suffering from psychosis and mood disorder. 30 May, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-117.php Objective: The Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative was introduced in the UK to increase access to psychological therapies for those with mild to moderate anxiety and depression. 26 May, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-116.php Background: The majority of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) studies have evaluated the use of light or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate bupropion sustained-released (SR), a non-SSRI antidepressant, for the treatment of SAD. 21 Mar, 2017 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-3-115.php The trait of amotivation is commonly clinically described among chronic cannabis abusers but few empirical studies have provided data on these dimensions. 14 Nov, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-114.php Background: Although strong association between drinking and depression as well as alcohol-related disorders (ARD) has been reported, the relationship between potential ability to drink (genetic alcohol sensitivity) and depression or ARD is unclear. 13 Sep, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-113.php Background: Although strong association between drinking and depression as well as alcohol-related disorders (ARD) has been reported, the relationship between potential ability to drink (genetic alcohol sensitivity) and depression or ARD is unclear. Genetic alcohol sensitivity is regulated by two alcohol metabolic enzyme genes, ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms. We have already evaluated the association between depression and these polymorphisms in Japanese white-collar workers. Current study expanded this issue on community-dwelling relatively older adults. 23 Jul, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-112.php Frontostriatal system functioning has been proposed to underpin performance on executive functioning tasks; these structures are abnormally activated in adults with depression. In this study, the P200 and P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) were elicited during a classic two-tone auditory oddball task to compare the electrophysiological profiles of elderly people (N = 54; Mean age = 85.46 ± 6.21) diagnosed with clinical depression (n = 17), subthreshold depression (n = 25) or no depression (n = 12). 16 Jun, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-111.php Background: Depression, which frequently onsets in young people, is projected to become the largest single burden of disease globally in the next decade. Its impact may be disproportionally felt in low-income countries, such as Tanzania, where availability of appropriate care in the community is poor. 25 May, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-110.php Each year approximately 400 physicians die by suicide in the United States, leaving an estimated one million patients without their physicians [1-5]. Physicians are two to three times more likely to die by suicide than members of the general population and are more likely to die by suicide than other professionals [6,7]. 06 May, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-109.php The aim of this pilot study was to compare psychopathological features and psychological health between women presenting anorexia nervosa (AN) and those presenting obesity (OB). 05 May, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-108.php The terms melancholia and mania have their etymologies in classical Greek. Melancholia is derived from ‘melas’ (black) and ‘chole’ (bile), highlighting the term’s origins in pre-Hippocratic humoral theories [1]. Where depression/melancholia was viewed as an excess of black bile, the humoral perspective saw mania as arising from an excess of yellow bile [2], or a mixture of excessive black and yellow bile [3]. 28 Mar, 2016 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-107.php Music has long been regarded to aid health and loss-adaptation, but effect of music intervention on cancer patients is not well-understood. The aims of this study are to summarize and describe the role of music before and after diagnosis. 19 Dec, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-2-106.php Background: Cognitive theories posit that small animal phobics develop a hypervigilance-avoidance attentional pattern when coping with threat. However, empirical research has failed to obtain consistent results. We aimed at addressing this issue by diminishing the methodological flaws that hinder the internal and ecological validity of previous studies. 27 Oct, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-1-105.php Eating Disorders are a heterogeneous group of complex psychiatric disorders that affect physical and psychological functioning, thus compromising life itself. They are often characterized by extreme preoccupation with food, caloric intake and expenditure as well as bodily weight and shape. 14 Oct, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-1-104.php Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and it is a common psychological disorder in the world. Present antidepressants modulate monoamine systems directly or indirectly, because MDD is classically considered as a neurochemical disease, in which monoamine systems are perturbed including serotonin, noradrenaline or dopamine systems. 03 Sep, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-1-103.php Background: Depression occurs in approximately 20% of pregnant women, with up to 25% experiencing anxiety. Various pregnancy and labour complications have been associated with maternal mood problems. 12 Aug, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-1-102.php Background and aim of the work: Parental approach with children has a considerable impact on this personality development process. The father/mother treatment of the child is the first human contact children experience, and will certainly leave an impact on their personality later on in life. This study came to emphasize the importance of parental approaches and their role in causing anxiety to female university students. It investigated the relationship between various developmental parental approaches and their psychological impact on female university students. 12 Jun, 2015 https://www.neuroscigroup.us/Depression-Anxiety/ADA-1-101.php The purpose of this study was to ascertain emotional well-being among patients presenting ninety anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy age-matched controls using the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule and the Emotional Well-Being Scale together with background health information.